| 09-09-2026 |
Partij |
Partij
Iran gewijzigd
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
06-08-2025
Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions
of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic
laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore,
in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization
of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does
not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic
of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph
2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning
the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through
negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice.
3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application
of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related
to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the
legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation
to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination.
Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran
shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the
Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall
be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud
Bezwaar Duitsland, 07-08-2026
The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany has carefully examined the reservations
and declarations made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon ratification of the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (the "Convention") on 6 August
2025. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany is of the opinion that by
declaring that it will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including
Articles 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations,
in particular the principles of its Constitution, as well as by declaring that it
does not consider itself bound by Article 14 (1) in cases where its implementation
would be contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran has made reservations
that leave it unclear to what extent the Islamic Republic of Iran accepts being bound
by the obligations under the Convention. Furthermore, by declaring that it will decide
the application of Articles 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation
in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance on a case by-case basis,
the Islamic Republic of Iran has made a reservation that leaves it unclear to what
extent the Islamic Republic of Iran accepts being bound by the obligations under the
Convention.Furthermore, by giving the Islamic Republic of Iran an excessively broad
margin of discretion, such a reservation undermines the predictable and reliable system
of international cooperation in criminal matters envisaged as an essential element
of the Convention. Moreover, by declaring that the Convention shall not prejudice
the legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign
occupation to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right
to self-determination, the Islamic Republic of Iran has made a reservation that erroneously
implies a conflict between the right to self-determination and the fight against transnational
organized crime. Under the Convention, however, self-determination and transnational
organized crime are fundamentally different. The reservation is therefore unnecessary.
In addition, the broad and undefined wording of the reservation leaves it unclear
to what extent the Islamic Republic of Iran accepts being bound by the obligations
under the Convention. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany therefore
objects to the above-mentioned reservations, which are incompatible with the object
and purpose of the Convention and therefore impermissible under international law,
in particular Article 19 (c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. This
objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Federal
Republic of Germany and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Bezwaar Nederlanden, het Koninkrijk der, 19-08-2026
The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands has examined the reservations made
by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon ratification of the United Nations Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime. The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
considers that reservations which seek to limit the responsibilities of the Islamic
Republic of Iran under the Convention by invoking Sharia laws and/or the constitutional
and/or national laws may raise doubts as to the commitment of this State to the object
and purpose of the Convention. It is in the common interest of States that treaties
to which they have chosen to become parties are respected, as to object and purpose,
by all parties and that States are prepared to undertake any legislative changes necessary
to comply with their obligations under treaties. The Government of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands considers that reservations of this kind must be regarded as incompatible
with the object and purpose of the Convention and would recall that, according to
customary international law, as codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,
reservations incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty shall not be permitted.
This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the
Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Government of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands considers that the reservation of the Islamic Republic
of Iran related to the right to self-determination raises significant doubts as to
Iran's commitment to the Convention and is therefore incompatible with the object
and purpose of the Convention. First, the Convention does not contain any provisions
that can be interpreted so as to conflict with the right to self-determination as
a peremptory norm of international law as confirmed by the International Court of
Justice. As a corollary, it is not necessary for the Islamic Republic of Iran to include
such reservation to safeguard the right to self-determination. Second, the reservation
obfuscates the Islamic Republic of Iran's commitment to provide legal assistance or
to accept extradition requests, since it is unclear whether it will deny such requests
on the premise that the actions of persons or structured groups covered by the Convention
fall within the scope of the right to self-determination. This lack of clarity is
amplified by the Islamic Republic of Iran's reservation according to which it will
decide on a case-by-case basis whether to apply the provisions of the Convention concerning
mutual legal assistance and extradition. Bearing in mind that according to customary
international law, as codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, reservations
incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty shall not be permitted, the Kingdom
of the Netherlands objects to these reservations. These objections shall not preclude
the entry into force of the Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and
the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Bezwaar Oostenrijk, 04-08-2026
The Government of Austria has carefully examined the reservations made by the Islamic
Republic of Iran upon ratification of the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime on 11 August 2025. Austria considers that by referring to national
legislation or to the Islamic sharia, Iran’s reservation to Article 2, 3, 5, 10, 14
(1) and 23 is of a general and indeterminate scope. In addition, Austria considers
Iran’s reservation to apply Art. 15, 16 and 18 on a case-by-case basis equally indeterminate
and vague. These reservations do not clearly define for the other States Parties the
extent to which the reserving state has accepted the obligations of the Convention.
Austria therefore considers the reservations to be incompatible with the object and
purpose of the Convention. Furthermore, the Government of Austria considers that the
reservation regarding peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation
seeks to limit the scope of the Convention on a unilateral basis and is contrary to
its object and purpose, which is to prevent and combat transnational organized crime,
irrespective of where the crime takes place and of who commits it. Austria therefore
objects to the reservations referred to above. This objection shall not preclude the
entry into force of the Convention between the Republic of Austria and the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
Bezwaar Portugal, 07-08-2026
Considering the Reservation, the Government of the Portuguese Republic notes that
it objects to it on the following grounds: Article 19 of the Vienna Convention prohibits
reservations that are incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty. The Reservation
is incompatible with the purpose and objective of the Convention, namely ‘to promote
cooperation to prevent and combat transnational organized crime more effectively’.
The Reservation applies to Article 2 concerning the use of terms, Article 3 concerning
the scope of application, Article 5 concerning the criminalization of participation
in an organized criminal group, Article 10 concerning the liability of legal persons,
Article 14(1) concerning the utilization of property, and Article 23 concerning the
criminalization of obstruction of justice. These articles are essential and pivotal
to the Convention, particularly in defining concepts and in the application of the
Convention itself. The Reservation intends to subordinate the compliance of these
norms of the Convention to its Constitution and Sharia Law, instead of adapting the
latter to the international obligations that the Islamic Republic of Iran has undertaken
by ratifying the Convention. The Reservation equally falls to clearly define the extent
of Iran's obligations under the Convention and aims at granting Iran an excessively
broad margin of discretion, not foreseen in the Convention, by stating that "[t]he
Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of
Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related to
extradition or mutual legal assistance." This equally undermines the object and purpose
of the Convention as it weakens essential cooperation mechanisms concerning the extradition
and mutual legal assistance which are two basic aspects of the Convention. This makes
this reservation equally incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention
pursuant to Article 19(c) VCLT. The Reservation in the part that concerns the right
to self-determination comes into question due to the lack of necessity. No provision
of the Convention can validly be interpreted as conflicting with the right to self-determination.
Declaration No. 2 constitutes in effect a reservation, as it neither clarifies the
scope of application of a treaty provision nor provides information required by the
Convention itself. Instead, it replaces the conventional dispute resolution regime
with the regime established in Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic
of Iran, subordinating the application of the Convention to a rule of domestic law.
Regardless of its formal designation, the intended legal effects are incompatible
with the law of treaties, and Portugal does not consider itself bound by any dispute
resolution process under which the jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal depends upon
the fulfilment of any requirements under the domestic legal system of the Islamic
Republic of Iran. The Government of the Portuguese Republic therefore objects to the
aforesaid reservations made by the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. However, this objection shall not
preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Portuguese Republic and
the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Bezwaar Zweden, 10-08-2026
The Government of Sweden has examined the reservations made by the Islamic Republic
of Iran regarding the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
(hereinafter "the Convention"). The Government of Sweden is of the view that the general
reservation with reference to the principles of the Iranian Constitution and Sharia
law is of unlimited scope and undefined character which makes it incompatible with
the object and purpose of the Convention. It is also incompatible with the customary
international law rule codified in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law
of Treaties. The Government of Sweden furthermore notes that the reservation to Articles
15, 16 and 18 of the Convention is incompatible with the object and purpose of the
Convention, since it aims at excluding Iran's obligations of cooperation in matters
related to extradition and mutual legal assistance, two basic aspects of the Convention.
Finally, the Government of Sweden considers that the reservation of the Islamic Republic
of Iran related to the right to self-determination raises significant doubts as to
Iran's commitment to the Convention and is therefore incompatible with the object
and purpose of the Convention. First, the Convention does not contain any provisions
that can be interpreted so as to conflict with the right to self-determination as
a peremptory norm of international law as confirmed by the International Court of
Justice. As a corollary, it is not necessary for the Islamic Republic of Iran to include
such reservation to safeguard the right to self-determination. Second, the reservation
obfuscates the Islamic Republic of Iran's commitment to provide legal assistance or
to accept extradition requests, since it is unclear whether it will deny such requests
on the premise that the actions of persons or structured groups covered by the Convention
fall within the scope of the right to self-determination. This lack of clarity is
amplified by the Islamic Republic of Iran's reservation according to which it will
decide on a case-by case basis whether to apply the provisions of the Convention concerning
mutual legal assistance and extradition. The Government of Sweden would like to recall
that, according to customary international law as codified in the Vienna Convention
on the Law of Treaties, a reservation incompatible with the object and purpose of
a treaty shall not be permitted. It is in the common interest of States that treaties
to which they have chosen to become parties are respected as to their object and purpose,
by all parties, and that States are prepared to undertake any legislative changes
necessary to comply with their obligations under the treaties. The Government of Sweden
therefore objects to the three aforesaid reservations made by the Islamic Republic
of Iran. This objection does not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between
Sweden and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Bezwaar Zwitserland, 07-08-2026
The Swiss Federal Council has reviewed the reservations and declarations formulated
by Iran upon ratification of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime of 15 November 2000, in particular the following reservations: “1. The Islamic
Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including
Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations,
in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore, in cases where the
implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization of property in a
manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself
bound by the provision of this article. [...] 3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will
decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention
regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance.
4. The Convention shall not prejudice the legitimate right of peoples or groups under
colonial domination and/or foreign occupation to fight against aggression and occupation
and to exercise their right to self-determination. [...]” The Swiss Federal Council
considers that these reservations run counter to the object and purpose of the Convention.
It is in the common interest of States that the instruments to which they have chosen
to become Parties be respected by all Parties and that States be prepared to fulfill
their treaty obligations. Accordingly, the Swiss Federal Council objects to aforementioned
reservations formulated by Iran. This objection does not preclude the entry into force
of the Convention between Switzerland and Iran.
Salomonseilanden toegevoegd
- Ratificatie: 27-08-2026 (T)
- In werking: 26-09-2026
- Voorbehoud / verklaring: Nee
- Bezwaren: Nee
|
| 01-09-2026 |
Partij |
Partij
Iran gewijzigd
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
06-08-2025
Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions
of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic
laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore,
in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization
of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does
not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic
of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph
2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning
the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through
negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice.
3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application
of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related
to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the
legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation
to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination.
Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran
shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the
Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall
be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud
Bezwaar Verenigde Staten van Amerika, 11-08-2026
With regard to the reservations made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon its ratification
of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Government
of the United States of America, after careful review, considers Iran’s reservations
numbered 1, 3, and 4 to be incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention,
namely, to promote cooperation to prevent and combat transnational organized crime
more effectively. The uncommon nature and breadth of Iran’s reservations are so extensive
as to vitiate its obligations under the Convention. The Government of the United States
of America notes that, under established principles of international treaty law, as
reflected in Article 19(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a reservation
that is incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty shall not be permitted.
The Government of the United States of America therefore objects to the reservations
made by the Government of Iran upon its ratification of the Convention.
|
| 24-08-2026 |
Partij |
Partij
Iran gewijzigd
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
06-08-2025
Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions
of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic
laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore,
in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization
of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does
not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic
of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph
2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning
the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through
negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice.
3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application
of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related
to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the
legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation
to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination.
Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran
shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the
Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall
be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud
Bezwaar Finland, 21-07-2026
The Government of the Republic of Finland was pleased to learn that the Islamic Republic
of Iran has become party to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime (hereinafter “the Convention”). However, the Government of the Republic of Finland
has carefully examined the reservations made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon
ratification of the Convention and is of the view that they raise certain concerns.
The Government of the Republic of Finland considers that the general reservations
with reference to the Iranian national legislation and Sharia law are of unlimited
scope and undefined character which make them incompatible with the object and purpose
of the Convention. Thus, the Government of Finland is of the opinion that the Islamic
Republic of Iran has submitted reservations which cast doubts on the commitment of
Iran to the object and purpose of the Convention. Such reservations are, furthermore,
subject to the general principle of treaty interpretation according to which a party
may not invoke the provisions of its domestic law as justification for a failure to
perform its treaty obligations. The object and purpose of the Convention is defeated
if its implementation is made categorically subject to domestic law. The Convention
is premised on State Parties bringing their national legislation into conformity with
the Convention within an appropriate timeframe, as reflected by the Convention’s Review
Mechanism. The Government of the Republic of Finland furthermore notes that the reservation
to Articles 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention is incompatible with the object and purpose
of the Convention, for it aims at excluding the Islamic Republic of Iran’s obligations
of cooperation in central aspects of the Convention and it fails to clearly define
the extent of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s obligations. Finally, the Government
of the Republic of Finland considers the implications of the reservation related to
the right to self-determination unclear. This unclarity regarding the fourth reservation,
particularly read in light of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s third reservation, raises
significant doubts as to Iran’s commitment to the Convention, and is therefore incompatible
with the object and purpose of the Convention. It leaves uncertainty whether, for
example, the Islamic Republic of Iran will deny requests of legal assistance or extradition
on the premise that the actions of persons or structured groups covered by the Convention
fall within the scope of the right to self-determination. Moreover, the Convention
does not contain any provisions that can be interpreted to conflict with the right
to self-determination as a peremptory norm of international law as confirmed by the
International Court of Justice. Therefore, it is not necessary for the Islamic Republic
of Iran to include such reservation to safeguard the right to self-determination.
Accordingly, the reservations 1, 3 and 4 made by the Islamic Republic of Iran are
not permitted under Article 19 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Therefore,
the Government of the Republic of Finland objects to the aforesaid reservations. This
objection does not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Republic
of Finland and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Convention will thus continue to
operate between the two States without the Islamic Republic of Iran benefiting from
the said reservations.
Bezwaar Litouwen, 04-08-2026
The Government of the Republic of Lithuania has carefully examined the reservations
made by the Islamic Republic of Iran at the time of its accession to the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The Government of the Republic of
Lithuania considers that the reservation with respect to articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 23,
and 14(1) of the Convention, by making the application of the Convention subject to
domestic law and Sharia law, is formulated in broad and undefined terms and thus raises
doubts as to the full commitment of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the object and
purpose of the Convention. The Government of the Republic of Lithuania notes that
according to article 19(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a reservation
incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty is not permitted. Furthermore,
under article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a State may not
invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform
a treaty. Therefore, the Government of the Republic of Lithuania objects to the aforesaid
reservation made by the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Convention. This objection,
however, shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention between the Republic
of Lithuania and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Bezwaar Polen, 04-08-2026
The Government of the Republic of Poland has carefully reviewed the reservations and
declarations made on August 11, 2025, made by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon ratifying
the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted by the
United Nations General Assembly on November 15, 2000, concerning Articles 2, 3, 5,
10, 14 paragraph 1, 15, 16, 18, and 23. In the opinion of the Government of the Republic
of Poland reservations 1 and 3 of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated August 11, 2025
are inconsistent with the object and purpose of the Convention, which is the effective
and efficient joint fight against international organized crime by all States Parties
and the creation of an international structure for cooperation between States Parties
in the confiscation and disposal of proceeds of crime. In addition, the above reservations
are too general and vague and refer in an unacceptable manner to domestic law in order
to limit the application of public international law. Consequently, in accordance
with Article 19{c) of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, done at Vienna
on 23 May 1969, reflective of customary law, the above reservations are inadmissible
and the Government of the Republic of Poland objects to them. In its reservations,
the Islamic Republic of Iran stated that it would interpret and implement the provisions
of Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, and 23 of the Convention in accordance with its domestic
law. The reservation does not specify the specific content of these laws and regulations.
The Government of the Republic of Poland notes that, in order to be effective and
have legal effect, a reservation to an international treaty must be sufficiently precise
and clear so that it is possible to determine exactly which provisions of the treaty
in question are to be limited and how. The reference to unspecified provisions of
domestic law in relation to numerous provisions of the Convention does not allow for
the determination of the expected legal effects. The position of the Islamic Republic
of Iran, as expressed in its reservations, also refers to the implementation of Article
14, paragraph 1, of the Convention and states that, where it requires the use of property
in a manner contrary to Sharia law, the Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider
itself bound by the provisions of that article. The reservation does not specify the
exact provisions of Sharia law to which it refers. In the opinion of the Government
of the Republic of Poland, this reservation is also too vague to allow for a precise
determination of the expected legal effects. A reservation referring to the entire
body of Sharia law is a reservation of unlimited scope and indeterminate nature; therefore,
it is far too general to be acceptable. The Islamic Republic of Iran has reserved
the right to decide, on a case-by-case basis, whether to apply Articles 15, 16, and
18 of the Convention, concerning cooperation in matters of extradition or mutual legal
assistance. This reservation vaguely refers to future practice in the application
of the provisions of the Convention. Each State Party to the Convention is obliged
to implement all its provisions in good faith, in accordance with the principle of
pacta sunt servanda expressed in international customary law and in Article 26 of
the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In the opinion of the Government of
the Republic of Poland, a reservation that is vague and aimed at potentially excluding
several provisions of the Convention that ensure its effective implementation and
thus the achievement of its objective, is incompatible with the object and purpose
of the Convention. Therefore, the Government of the Republic of Poland objects to
reservations 1 and 3 to Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 14 paragraph 1, 15, 16, 18, and 23 made
by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon acceding to the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November
15, 2000. The above objection shall not prevent the Convention from entering into
force in relations between the Republic of Poland and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
The Convention shall enter into force in its entirety between the Republic of Poland
and the Islamic Republic of Iran, but the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not avail
itself of the protection of the reservations made to Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 14 paragraph
1, 15, 16, 18, and 23 of the Convention.
Bezwaar Slovenië, 05-08-2026
The Republic of Slovenia has examined the reservations made by the Islamic Republic
of Iran. The Republic of Slovenia recalls that the Convention expressly excludes reservations
to the provisions concerned, with the exception of the Article 35/II. Furthermore,
the Republic of Slovenia considers that Islamic Republic of Iran’s reservations to
Articles 2, 3, 5, 10, 14 and 23 of the Convention significantly limit the scope and
legal effect of the Convention and are incompatible with its object and purpose within
the meaning of Article 19(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).
The Republic of Slovenia further notes that those reservations do not clearly define
the extent to which the Islamic Republic of Iran considers itself bound by the obligations
arising under the Convention. As a result, the reservations create legal uncertainty
for other States Parties regarding the implementation of the Convention and the scope
of the commitments undertaken by Iran. In addition, the reservations to Articles 15,
16 and 18 of the Convention may adversely affect international cooperation among States
Parties, as they introduce uncertainty with regard to the rights and obligations that
form the basis for effective cooperation under the Convention. Such uncertainty risks
undermining mutual trust, predictability and the uniform application of the Convention’s
provisions, which are essential for achieving its objectives.
Bezwaar Verenigd Koninkrijk, 04-08-2026
The Government of the United Kingdom has examined the reservations made by the Islamic
Republic of Iran, which read: Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret
and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and
23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular the principles
of its Constitution. Furthermore, in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1
of Article 14 requires utilization of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law,
the Islamic Republic of Iran, does not consider itself bound by the provision of this
article. 2. The Islamic Republic of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions
of Article 35, paragraph 2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between
two or more States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention
that cannot be settled through negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to
the International Court of Justice. 3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on
a case-by-case basis, the application of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding
cooperation in matters related to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention
shall not prejudice the legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination
and/or foreign occupation to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise
their right to self-determination. Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention
by the Islamic Republic of Iran shall not be construed in any manner recognition of
the Zionist occupying regime (the Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to
judicial forums or arbitration shall be solely subject to the provisions of Principle
139 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Reservations that leave it
uncertain to what extent a State consents to be bound by its obligations are in the
opinion of the Government of the United Kingdom to be treated as general reservations,
which are not compatible with the object and purpose of a Convention. The Government
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland considers that paragraphs
1, 3 and 4 of the reservations are of that character and therefore objects to them.
This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Convention as between
the United Kingdom and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
|
| 18-08-2026 |
Partij |
Partij
Iran gewijzigd
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
06-08-2025
Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions
of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic
laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore,
in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization
of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does
not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic
of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph
2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning
the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through
negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice.
3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application
of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related
to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the
legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation
to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination.
Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran
shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the
Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall
be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud
Bezwaar België, 30-07-2026
The Kingdom of Belgium has carefully reviewed the reservations formulated by the Islamic
Republic of Iran upon its ratification of the United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime. The Kingdom of Belgium considers that the reservations regarding
articles 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23 of the Convention, insofar as they make the interpretation
and application of key provisions of the Convention subject to the domestic law of
the Islamic Republic of Iran, may undermine the uniform application of the Convention
and create uncertainty regarding the scope of the commitments undertaken by the Islamic
Republic of Iran. Moreover, the Kingdom of Belgium considers that the reservation
formulated with respect to article 14, paragraph 1, is incompatible with the object
and purpose of the Convention. This reservation has the effect of making the application
of this provision of the Convention contingent upon its compatibility with Sharia
law. The Kingdom of Belgium considers that this reservation is aimed at limiting the
commitments and responsibilities of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the Convention
through a general reference to Sharia law. The Kingdom of Belgium also considers that
the reservations regarding articles 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention, insofar as they
allow for the application on a case-by-case basis of the provisions on extradition
and mutual legal assistance, may undermine the mechanisms for international cooperation
provided for in the Convention and are, therefore, incompatible with its object and
purpose. The Kingdom of Belgium recalls that, under articles 19 and 27 of the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties, a State may neither formulate a reservation that
is incompatible with the object and purpose of a treaty nor invoke its internal law
to justify non-performance of the treaty. Consequently, the Kingdom of Belgium objects
to the reservations formulated by the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The Kingdom of Belgium notes that
this objection does not constitute an obstacle to the entry into force of the Convention
between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Convention will
thus become operative between the two States without the Islamic Republic of Iran
benefitting from the aforementioned reservations.
|
| 08-08-2026 |
Partij |
Partij
Iran gewijzigd
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
06-08-2025
Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions
of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic
laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore,
in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization
of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does
not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic
of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph
2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning
the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through
negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice.
3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application
of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related
to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the
legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation
to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination.
Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran
shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the
Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall
be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud
Bezwaar Frankrijk, 31-07-2026
The Government of the French Republic has reviewed the reservations formulated by
the Islamic Republic of Iran on 6 August 2025, upon its accession to the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted on 15 December 2000. It
objects to the first reservation of Iran because, by referring to the principles of
the Constitution of Iran and of Sharia law, the reservation undermines the extent
of the obligations set forth in the Convention, making it incompatible with its object
and purpose. It also objects to the third reservation because it limits the obligations
of Iran regarding cooperation in matters related to extradition and mutual legal assistance,
making it incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. These objections
do not preclude the entry into force, between France and Iran, of the Convention and
its other provisions.
|
| 05-08-2026 |
Partij |
Partij
Iran gewijzigd
- Bezwaren: Ja
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
06-08-2025
Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions
of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic
laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore,
in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization
of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does
not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic
of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph
2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning
the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through
negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice.
3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application
of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related
to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the
legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation
to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination.
Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran
shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the
Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall
be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
toegevoegd bezwaar op voorbehoud
Bezwaar EU (Europese Unie), 23-07-2026
Having examined the reservations formulated by the Islamic Republic of Iran, the European
Union takes the view that the reservation according to which the Islamic Republic
of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions of the Convention, including Articles
2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations, in particular
the principles of its Constitution, is of unlimited scope and undefined character
and seeks to condition the interpretation and implementation of the Convention, including
some key provisions thereof, on its compatibility with the domestic legislation of
the Islamic Republic of Iran. It therefore considers that this reservation is incompatible
with the object and purpose of the Convention. The European Union also considers that
the reservation concerning Article 14 par. 1 is incompatible with the object and purpose
of the Convention since it contains a general reference to Sharia Law and does not
specify the extent of the derogation from this Article. In addition, customary international
law as reflected in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties stipulates
that a State may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for
failure to perform a treaty. The European Union furthermore notes that the reservation
of the Islamic Republic of Iran according to which the latter will decide, on a case-by-case
basis, the application of Articles 15 , 16 and 18 of the Convention, is also incompatible
with the object and purpose of the Convention in so far as it fails to clearly define
the extent of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s obligations under these Articles regulating
essential aspects of the Convention, such as the extradition and the provision of
mutual legal assistance, and it aims at granting the Islamic Republic of Iran an excessively
broad margin of discretion not foreseen by the Convention. Finally, the European Union
considers that the reservation of the Islamic Republic of Iran related to the right
to self-determination raises significant doubts as to Iran’s commitment to the Convention
and is therefore incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. First,
the Convention does not contain any provisions that can be interpreted so as to conflict
with the right to self-determination as a peremptory norm of international law as
confirmed by the International Court of Justice. As a corollary, it is not necessary
for the Islamic Republic of Iran to include such reservation to safeguard the right
to self-determination. Second, the reservation obfuscates the Islamic Republic of
Iran’s commitment to provide legal assistance or to accept extradition requests, since
it is unclear whether it will deny such requests on the premise that the actions of
persons or structured groups covered by the Convention fall within the scope of the
right to self-determination. This lack of clarity is amplified by the Islamic Republic
of Iran’s reservation according to which it will decide on a case-by-case basis whether
to apply the provisions of the Convention concerning mutual legal assistance and extradition.
The European Union therefore objects to the aforesaid reservations formulated by the
Islamic Republic of Iran. This objection does not preclude the entry into force of
the Convention between the European Union and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
|
| 14-08-2025 |
Partij |
Partij
Iran gewijzigd
- Ratificatie: 06-08-2025 (R)
- In werking: 05-09-2025
- Voorbehoud / verklaring: Ja
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
06-08-2025
Reservations: 1. The Islamic Republic of Iran will interpret and implement the provisions
of the Convention, including Article 2, 3, 5, 10 and 23, in accordance with its domestic
laws and regulations, in particular the principles of its Constitution. Furthermore,
in cases where the implementation of paragraph 1 of Article 14 requires utilization
of property in a manner contrary to Sharia Law, the Islamic Republic of Iran, does
not consider itself bound by the provision of this article. 2. The Islamic Republic
of Iran does not consider itself bound by the provisions of Article 35, paragraph
2, of this Convention, which provide that any dispute between two or more States concerning
the interpretation or application of this Convention that cannot be settled through
negotiation shall be referred to arbitration or to the International Court of Justice.
3. The Islamic Republic of Iran will decide, on a case-by-case basis, the application
of Article 15, 16 and 18 of the Convention regarding cooperation in matters related
to extradition or mutual legal assistance. 4. The Convention shall not prejudice the
legitimate right of peoples or groups under colonial domination and/or foreign occupation
to fight against aggression and occupation and to exercise their right to self-determination.
Declarations: 1. The ratification of this Convention by the Islamic Republic of Iran
shall not be construed in any manner recognition of the Zionist occupying regime (the
Israeli regime). 2. Any referral of disputes to judicial forums or arbitration shall
be solely subject to the provisions of Principle 139 of the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Iran.
|
| 08-04-2025 |
Partij |
Partij
Somalië gewijzigd
- Ratificatie: 25-03-2025 (T)
- In werking: 24-04-2025
- Voorbehoud / verklaring: Ja
- Bezwaren: Nee
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
25-03-2025
The Federal Republic of Somalia declares that it does not consider itself bound by
the provisions of Article 35(2) of the Convention regarding the settlement of disputes
by arbitration or referral to the International Court of Justice, unless there is
a separate agreement between the parties concerned.
|
| 14-01-2025 |
Partij |
Partij
Litouwen gewijzigd
|
| 30-11-2023 |
Partij |
Partij
Oekraïne gewijzigd
-
toegevoegd voorbehoud
20-11-2023
[The aforementioned treaty is] implemented on the territory of Ukraine in full, with
the exception of the territories where hostilities are (were) conducted, or temporarily
occupied by the Russian Federation, on which it is impossible to fully guarantee the
Ukrainian Party’s fulfillment of its obligations under [this treaty] as a result of
the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, as well as the introduction
of martial law on the territory of Ukraine until the complete cessation of encroachment
on the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of Ukraine.
The regularly updated list of territories where hostilities are (were) conducted,
or temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation is at the link below: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z1668-22#Text
...
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